In this article, Prosperi and Terrosi illustrate that certain environmental conduct, if committed intentionally and with the requisite impact on a civilian population, may well amount to crimes against humanity, including murder or extermination, forcible displacement, persecution and/or other inhumane acts. Considering three archetypes of such conduct as deforestation, contamination, and resource extraction, diversion or manipulation, authors use them as examples to test the utility of the analysis foreshadowed by the 2016 ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s policy paper (“crimes that are committed by means of, or that result in, inter alia, the destruction of the environment, the illegal exploitation of natural resources or the illegal dispossession of land”).